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Dengue menace in Tamil Nadu, India
May 26, 2012
Anti-dengue operations have been intensified in Tirunelveli and other districts after 29 people died. The outbreak of dengue has kept public health officials on their toes.
http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article3458856.ece
Portable Tool Introduced To Detect Dengue Mosquitoes
Sydney: A new portable tool has been developed which will help doctors to detect dengue mosquitoes and, therefore, likely to decrease the human infections world over.
Almost a million people—mostly children—fall victim to dengue every year. The simple diagnostic tool can be used in the field to detect dengue infection in large numbers of mosquitoes. It is developed by David Muller and colleagues from the University of Queensland and research groups in Melbourne and South America.
“Unlike other approaches to mosquito surveillance, this new tool provides information on whether mosquitoes are carrying dengue,” Muller was quoted as saying in the Journal of Virological Methods.
“It is rapid, specific, and does not require specialised equipment or personnel. This means it will be viable for use in developing regions of the world where dengue is a significant health and economic burden,” Muller said.
Around half of the world’s population is at risk of contracting the virus which is transmitted to humans through an infectious female mosquito.
“The goal of this work is to provide the tools to not only assess mosquito numbers in the field but also their infection status,” said Paul Young, professor leader of Muller’s team at the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre.
“This information could then be directly uploaded with GPS information via mobile devices to coordinating centres,” Young added.
Source: Thenewstribe
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Dengue and severe dengue
Fact sheet N°117
January 2012
Key facts
Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral infection.
The infection causes flu-like illness, and occasionally develops into a potentially lethal complication called severe dengue.
The global incidence of dengue has grown dramatically in recent decades.
About half of the world's population is now at risk.
Dengue is found in tropical and sub-tropical climates worldwide, mostly in urban and semi-urban areas.
Severe dengue is a leading cause of serious illness and death among children in some Asian and Latin American countries.
There is no specific treatment for dengue/ severe dengue, but early detection and access to proper medical care lowers fatality rates below 1%.
Dengue prevention and control solely depends on effective vector control measures.
Dengue is a mosquito-borne infection found in tropical and sub-tropical regions around the world. In recent years, transmission has increased predominantly in urban and semi-urban areas and has become a major international public health concern.
Severe dengue (previously known as Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever) was first recognized in the 1950s during dengue epidemics in the Philippines and Thailand. Today, severe dengue affects most Asian and Latin American countries and has become a leading cause of hospitalization and death among children in these regions.
There are four distinct, but closely related, serotypes of the virus that cause dengue (DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3 and DEN-4). Recovery from infection by one provides lifelong immunity against that particular serotype. However, cross-immunity to the other serotypes after recovery is only partial and temporary. Subsequent infections by other serotypes increase the risk of developing severe dengue.
Global burden of dengue.
The incidence of dengue has grown dramatically around the world in recent decades. Over 2.5 billion people – over 40% of the world's population – are now at risk from dengue. WHO currently estimates there may be 50–100 million dengue infections worldwide every year.
Before 1970, only nine countries had experienced severe dengue epidemics. The disease is now endemic in more than 100 countries in Africa, the Americas, the Eastern Mediterranean, South-east Asia and the Western Pacific. South-east Asia and the Western Pacific regions are the most seriously affected.
Cases across the Americas, South-east Asia and Western Pacific have exceeded 1.2 million cases in 2008 and over 2.2 million in 2010 (based on official data submitted by Member States). Recently the number of reported cases has continued to increase. In 2010, 1.6 million cases of dengue were reported in the Americas alone, of which 49 000 cases were severe dengue.
Not only is the number of cases increasing as the disease spreads to new areas, but explosive outbreaks are occurring. The threat of a possible outbreak of dengue fever now exists in Europe and local transmission of dengue was reported for the first time in France and Croatia in 2010 and imported cases were detected in three other European countries.
An estimated 500 000 people with severe dengue require hospitalization each year, a large proportion of whom are children. About 2.5% of those affected die.
Transmission.
WHO/TDR/Stammers
The Aedes aegypti mosquito is the primary vector of dengue. The virus is transmitted to humans through the bites of infected female mosquitoes. After virus incubation for 4–10 days, an infected mosquito is capable of transmitting the virus for the rest of its life.
Infected humans are the main carriers and multipliers of the virus, serving as a source of the virus for uninfected mosquitoes. Patients who are already infected with the dengue virus can transmit the infection (for 4–5 days; maximum 12) via Aedes mosquitoes after their first symptoms appear.
The Aedes aegypti mosquito lives in urban habitats and breeds mostly in man-made containers. Unlike other mosquitoes Ae. aegypti is a daytime feeder; its peak biting periods are early in the morning and in the evening before dusk. FemaleAe. aegypti bites multiple people during each feeding period.
Aedes albopictus, a secondary dengue vector in Asia, has spread to North America and Europe largely due to the international trade in used tyres (a breeding habitat) and other goods (e.g. lucky bamboo). Ae. albopictus is highly adaptive and therefore can survive in cooler temperate regions of Europe. Its spread is due to its tolerance to temperatures below freezing, hibernation, and ability to shelter in microhabitats.
Characteristics
Dengue fever is a severe, flu-like illness that affects infants, young children and adults, but seldom causes death.
Dengue should be suspected when a high fever (40°C/ 104°F) is accompanied by two of the following symptoms: severe headache, pain behind the eyes, muscle and joint pains, nausea, vomiting, swollen glands or rash. Symptoms usually last for 2–7 days, after an incubation period of 4–10 days after the bite from an infected mosquito.
Severe dengue is a potentially deadly complication due to plasma leaking, fluid accumulation, respiratory distress, severe bleeding, or organ impairment. Warning signs occur 3–7 days after the first symptoms in conjunction with a decrease in temperature (below 38°C/ 100°F) and include: severe abdominal pain, persistent vomiting, rapid breathing, bleeding gums, fatigue, restlessness, blood in vomit. The next 24–48 hours of the critical stage can be lethal; proper medical care is needed to avoid complications and risk of death.
Treatment
There is no specific treatment for dengue fever.
For severe dengue, medical care by physicians and nurses experienced with the effects and progression of the disease can save lives – decreasing mortality rates from more than 20% to less than 1%. Maintenance of the patient's body fluid volume is critical to severe dengue care.
Immunization
There is no vaccine to protect against dengue. Developing a vaccine against dengue/ severe dengue has been challenging although there has been recent progress in vaccine development. WHO provides technical advice and guidance to countries and private partners to support vaccine research and evaluation. Several candidate vaccines are in various phases of trials.
Prevention and control.
WHO/TDR/Crump
At present, the only method to control or prevent the transmission of dengue virus is to combat vector mosquitoes through:
preventing mosquitoes from accessing egg-laying habitats by environmental management and modification;
disposing of solid waste properly and removing artificial man-made habitats;
covering, emptying and cleaning of domestic water storage containers on a weekly basis;
applying appropriate insecticides to water storage outdoor containers;
using of personal household protection such as window screens, long-sleeved clothes, insecticide treated materials, coils and vaporizers;
improving community participation and mobilsation for sustained vector control;
applying insecticides as space spraying during outbreaks as one of the emergency vector control measures;
active monitoring and surveillance of vectors should be carried out to determine effectiveness of control interventions.
Diseases covered by GAR
Anthrax
Avian influenza
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF)
Dengue/dengue haemorrhagic fever
Ebola haemorrhagic fever
Hendra Virus (HeV) Infection
Hepatitis
Influenza
Lassa fever
Marburg haemorrhagic fever
Meningococcal disease
Human Monkeypox (MPX)
Source: Thenewstribe
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Dengue and severe dengue
Fact sheet N°117
January 2012
Key facts
Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral infection.
The infection causes flu-like illness, and occasionally develops into a potentially lethal complication called severe dengue.
The global incidence of dengue has grown dramatically in recent decades.
About half of the world's population is now at risk.
Dengue is found in tropical and sub-tropical climates worldwide, mostly in urban and semi-urban areas.
Severe dengue is a leading cause of serious illness and death among children in some Asian and Latin American countries.
There is no specific treatment for dengue/ severe dengue, but early detection and access to proper medical care lowers fatality rates below 1%.
Dengue prevention and control solely depends on effective vector control measures.
Dengue is a mosquito-borne infection found in tropical and sub-tropical regions around the world. In recent years, transmission has increased predominantly in urban and semi-urban areas and has become a major international public health concern.
Severe dengue (previously known as Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever) was first recognized in the 1950s during dengue epidemics in the Philippines and Thailand. Today, severe dengue affects most Asian and Latin American countries and has become a leading cause of hospitalization and death among children in these regions.
There are four distinct, but closely related, serotypes of the virus that cause dengue (DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3 and DEN-4). Recovery from infection by one provides lifelong immunity against that particular serotype. However, cross-immunity to the other serotypes after recovery is only partial and temporary. Subsequent infections by other serotypes increase the risk of developing severe dengue.
Global burden of dengue.
The incidence of dengue has grown dramatically around the world in recent decades. Over 2.5 billion people – over 40% of the world's population – are now at risk from dengue. WHO currently estimates there may be 50–100 million dengue infections worldwide every year.
Before 1970, only nine countries had experienced severe dengue epidemics. The disease is now endemic in more than 100 countries in Africa, the Americas, the Eastern Mediterranean, South-east Asia and the Western Pacific. South-east Asia and the Western Pacific regions are the most seriously affected.
Cases across the Americas, South-east Asia and Western Pacific have exceeded 1.2 million cases in 2008 and over 2.2 million in 2010 (based on official data submitted by Member States). Recently the number of reported cases has continued to increase. In 2010, 1.6 million cases of dengue were reported in the Americas alone, of which 49 000 cases were severe dengue.
Not only is the number of cases increasing as the disease spreads to new areas, but explosive outbreaks are occurring. The threat of a possible outbreak of dengue fever now exists in Europe and local transmission of dengue was reported for the first time in France and Croatia in 2010 and imported cases were detected in three other European countries.
An estimated 500 000 people with severe dengue require hospitalization each year, a large proportion of whom are children. About 2.5% of those affected die.
Transmission.
WHO/TDR/Stammers
The Aedes aegypti mosquito is the primary vector of dengue. The virus is transmitted to humans through the bites of infected female mosquitoes. After virus incubation for 4–10 days, an infected mosquito is capable of transmitting the virus for the rest of its life.
Infected humans are the main carriers and multipliers of the virus, serving as a source of the virus for uninfected mosquitoes. Patients who are already infected with the dengue virus can transmit the infection (for 4–5 days; maximum 12) via Aedes mosquitoes after their first symptoms appear.
The Aedes aegypti mosquito lives in urban habitats and breeds mostly in man-made containers. Unlike other mosquitoes Ae. aegypti is a daytime feeder; its peak biting periods are early in the morning and in the evening before dusk. FemaleAe. aegypti bites multiple people during each feeding period.
Aedes albopictus, a secondary dengue vector in Asia, has spread to North America and Europe largely due to the international trade in used tyres (a breeding habitat) and other goods (e.g. lucky bamboo). Ae. albopictus is highly adaptive and therefore can survive in cooler temperate regions of Europe. Its spread is due to its tolerance to temperatures below freezing, hibernation, and ability to shelter in microhabitats.
Characteristics
Dengue fever is a severe, flu-like illness that affects infants, young children and adults, but seldom causes death.
Dengue should be suspected when a high fever (40°C/ 104°F) is accompanied by two of the following symptoms: severe headache, pain behind the eyes, muscle and joint pains, nausea, vomiting, swollen glands or rash. Symptoms usually last for 2–7 days, after an incubation period of 4–10 days after the bite from an infected mosquito.
Severe dengue is a potentially deadly complication due to plasma leaking, fluid accumulation, respiratory distress, severe bleeding, or organ impairment. Warning signs occur 3–7 days after the first symptoms in conjunction with a decrease in temperature (below 38°C/ 100°F) and include: severe abdominal pain, persistent vomiting, rapid breathing, bleeding gums, fatigue, restlessness, blood in vomit. The next 24–48 hours of the critical stage can be lethal; proper medical care is needed to avoid complications and risk of death.
Treatment
There is no specific treatment for dengue fever.
For severe dengue, medical care by physicians and nurses experienced with the effects and progression of the disease can save lives – decreasing mortality rates from more than 20% to less than 1%. Maintenance of the patient's body fluid volume is critical to severe dengue care.
Immunization
There is no vaccine to protect against dengue. Developing a vaccine against dengue/ severe dengue has been challenging although there has been recent progress in vaccine development. WHO provides technical advice and guidance to countries and private partners to support vaccine research and evaluation. Several candidate vaccines are in various phases of trials.
Prevention and control.
WHO/TDR/Crump
At present, the only method to control or prevent the transmission of dengue virus is to combat vector mosquitoes through:
preventing mosquitoes from accessing egg-laying habitats by environmental management and modification;
disposing of solid waste properly and removing artificial man-made habitats;
covering, emptying and cleaning of domestic water storage containers on a weekly basis;
applying appropriate insecticides to water storage outdoor containers;
using of personal household protection such as window screens, long-sleeved clothes, insecticide treated materials, coils and vaporizers;
improving community participation and mobilsation for sustained vector control;
applying insecticides as space spraying during outbreaks as one of the emergency vector control measures;
active monitoring and surveillance of vectors should be carried out to determine effectiveness of control interventions.
Diseases covered by GAR
Anthrax
Avian influenza
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF)
Dengue/dengue haemorrhagic fever
Ebola haemorrhagic fever
Hendra Virus (HeV) Infection
Hepatitis
Influenza
Lassa fever
Marburg haemorrhagic fever
Meningococcal disease
Human Monkeypox (MPX)
Nipah Virus (NiV) Infection
Pandemic (H1N1) 2009
Plague
Rift Valley fever
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
Smallpox
Tularaemia
Yellow fever
http://www.who.int
http://www.who.int/countries/ind/en/
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Dengue is transmitted by the bite of an Aedesmosquito infected with any one of the four dengue viruses. It occurs in tropical and sub-tropical areas of the world. Symptoms appear 3—14 days after the infective bite. Dengue fever is a febrile illness that affects infants, young children and adults.
Symptoms range from a mild fever, to incapacitating high fever, with severe headache, pain behind the eyes, muscle and joint pain, and rash. There are no specific antiviral medicines for dengue. It is important to maintain hydration. Use of acetylsalicylic acid (e.g. aspirin) and non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g. Ibuprofen) is not recommended.
Dengue hemorrhagic fever (fever, abdominal pain, vomiting, bleeding) is a potentially lethal complication, affecting mainly children. Early clinical diagnosis and careful clinical management by experienced physicians and nurses increase survival of patients.
Read the two Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Nursing Care Plans below
1. Ineffective Tissue Perfusion - Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Nursing Care Plans
NDx: Ineffective tissue perfusion related to decreased HgB concentration in the blood secondary to DHF 1
A mosquito which carries the dengue virus is called Aedes aegypti. The said mosquito comes in contact with a person and bites the person. The dengue virus will flow through the blood stream and destroys blood components. Patients with dengue often has decreased WBC, platelet & haemoglobin count. Hemoglobin count is used to measure oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. Hemoglobin carries oxygen. Therefore, if there is decreased haemoglobin, there is also decreased oxygen that reaches the different tissues of the body.
Assessment
Objectives
Nursing Interventions
Rationale
Expected Outcome
http://nurseslabs.com/2-dengue-hemorrhagic-fever-nursing-care-plans/#
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Fifty years of dengue in India
Summary
Dengue is the most important mosquito-borne, human viral disease in many tropical and sub-tropical areas. In India the disease has been essentially described in the form of case series. We reviewed the epidemiology of dengue in India to improve understanding of its evolution in the last 50 years and support the development of effective local prevention and control measures. Early outbreak reports showed a classic epidemic pattern of transmission with sporadic outbreaks, with low to moderate numbers of cases, usually localized to urban centres and neighbouring regions, but occasionally spreading and causing larger epidemics. Trends in recent decades include: larger and more frequent outbreaks; geographic expansion of endemic transmission; spread of the disease from urban to peri-urban and rural areas; an increasing proportion of severe cases and deaths; and progression to hyperendemicity, particularly in large urban areas. The global picture of dengue in India is currently that of a largely endemic country. Understanding demographic differences in infection rates and severity of dengue has important implications for the planning and implementation of effective public health prevention and control measures and targeting of future vaccination campaigns.
http://www.tropicalmedandhygienejrnl.net/article/S0035-9203(11)00266-5/abstract
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Ar UK BHOOBALAN
